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| Project Details |
| Funding Scheme : | Early Career Scheme | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Project Number : | 28606216 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Project Title(English) : | Enhancing music learning with mobile technology: Using tablet music sequencing application to facilitate music creation for the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) Music Examination | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Project Title(Chinese) : | 以流動科技提升音樂學習：運動平板電腦的音樂排序軟件以促進香港中學文憑音樂科考試卷之創作部分 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Principal Investigator(English) : | Dr Leung, Chi Hin | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Principal Investigator(Chinese) : | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Department : | Department of Cultural and Creative Arts | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Institution : | The Education University of Hong Kong | ||||||||||||||||||||
| E-mail Address : | chihin@eduhk.hk | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Tel : | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Co - Investigator(s) : |
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| Panel : | Humanities, Social Sciences | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Subject Area : | Humanities and Arts | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercise Year : | 2016 / 17 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Fund Approved : | 395,996 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Project Status : | Completed | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Completion Date : | 31-3-2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Project Objectives : |
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| Abstract as per original application (English/Chinese): |
This study aims to examine the effectiveness of using mobile sequencing software namely Garageband for iOS and Walk Band for Android as a tool to facilitate music creation for the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) Music Examination. Paper 3, Creating I, is one of the core papers of the HKDSE music examination. Although it is a core paper, there is a lack of teaching and learning materials specifically designed for this paper with the use of technology. GarageBand and Walk Band are multifunctional applications which can realize and record music in real-time. With this handy device, students can create music anytime and anywhere. There are two phases in this study: in Phase 1 a selected group of music teachers and senior secondary students will be interviewed and perceptions and suggestions will be derived to formulate a composition pedagogy with the use of the application with a theoretical framework and practical teaching approaches. Phase 2 will be a multi-case study in which three pilot schools will be involved and music classes will be observed with the launch of the pedagogy for three months. In addition, teachers and students will be interviewed in order to validate the pedagogy. This study will provide a practical and validated pedagogy for school music teachers to prepare students for the HKDSE Music Examination.
這項研究旨在探討使用流動科技的音樂排序軟件GarageBand（運作於iOS平台）和Walk Band（運作於Android平台）作為一種工具來促進香港中學文憑音樂科考試卷三（創作I）的成效。卷三（創作I）是香港中學文憑音樂科考試其中之一的必修部分。雖然這是必修考卷，但卻缺乏配合科技的教材。GarageBand和Walk Band是一個可以實時錄製音樂的多功能軟件。有了這個便利的裝置，學生可以隨時隨地創作音樂。 本研究將分為兩個階段：在第一階段中，經篩選的音樂教師和高中學生將會被訪問有關音樂創作的教學議題。其看法和建議將被分析並制定出一個作曲教學理論框架和教學法。第二階段會是一個多案例研究，三間試驗學校將運行新的教學法，並會被觀察三個月。參與的教師和學生將接受訪問以驗證此教學法的成效。這項研究將會為學校的音樂教師提供可行和有效的教學法，讓參與香港中學文憑音樂科考試的學生作準備。 |
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| Realisation of objectives: | The four objectives have been archived within the 27 months project period, and the realisation of the objectives will be discussed in the following. Regarding Objective 1: To examine the feasibility of using GarageBand or Walk Band as a tool to teach music composition at the HKDSE level, a group of teacher participants from the selected pilot school were invited to attend a two-day workshop on how to make use of GarageBand or Walk Band as a tool to teach music composition at the HKDSE level in July 2019. The teachers develop a school-based curriculum plan collaboratively which apply GarageBand to teach composition at HKDSE level. During the development of the curriculum plan, the PI provided consultation and suggestion for improvement with necessary technical support to the teachers. The curriculum plan developed by the teachers were field-tested in the pilot school. Lessons were observed by PI and Research Assistant which have been videotaped. One teacher who mainly implemented the creating class and five students were selected for a semi-structure interview. The interview was developed based on Graham Wallas's Stages in the Creative Process to investigate what functions are most commonly used, how does GarageBand facilitate idea generation, the development of melody writing, harmony and timbral exploration, the role of GarageBand in the creative process and the composing experience with and without GarageBand in the four stages of creativity. The student compositions were archived and analysed. Regarding Objective 2: To study the problems of teaching and learning composition at the HKDSE level, a questionnaire was conducted for music teachers, composer-instructor and students respectively in 2017. The questionnaire aimed to investigate the participants' background, the current teaching and learning quality, content, activities and technological support. Twenty-four were received from music teachers, and composer-instructors while forty-two were received from students. Then, semi-structured interviews were conducted to investigate the HKDSE Course structure, pedagogy, assessment, facilities, resources and difficulties in teaching and learning. Regarding Objective 3: To develop a pedagogy to provide solutions and/or guidelines for teachers teaching composition using mobile technology application, the PI has invented the Grid Notation for notating GarageBand instruments so that students were able to write down their musical ideas during the creative process with the use of GarageBand. The innovative Grid Notation created a new presentation of pitch and rhythm with grids, provided large databank of articulation symbols for Chinese and Western instruments, visualised dynamics and tailor-made notation for virtual instruments. Based on the Grid Notation, a cloud-based software The Grid has been developed for teachers to create grid score in a standardised format. Teaching and learning activities of composition have made use of such notation to be the bridge between virtual instruments and traditional staff notation. The invention A System for Creating a Grid Notation Music Score has obtained a patent in Hong Kong and China in 2019. Regarding Objective 4: To study the current trend of teaching music composition, a semi-structured interview was conducted for one HKEAA HKDSE Music Subject past committee member, three music teachers and three composer-instructors. It aimed to investigate what to teach, how to teach, when to teach in composition as well as what is the role of technology. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Summary of objectives addressed: |
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| Research Outcome | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Major findings and research outcome: | The first part of this study aims to investigate the current teaching and learning phenomena of creating at the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education. The interview finding shows that the subject knowledge of music composition of music teachers who received pre-service training before the 1990s, for example, transformative techniques, motivic development, orchestration is inadequate which is not enough for teaching composition. On the other hand, composer-instructors have a different music training from the music teachers in which they were trained with skilful craftsmanship in music composition. However, they received no training in music pedagogy. All interview participants (n = 6) addressed the difficulties of teaching composition at the HKDSE level. One-third of the participants felt that their students do not have adequate musicianship to realise their creativity from idea to notation. The recourse, to some extent, affects the teaching of composition. Nearly all the participants mentioned that resource is one of the main issues which affect the teaching of composition, which include minimal lesson time per week. Besides, most of the composition reference books are too advanced, which is not suitable for senior secondary students. Teachers teach composition mainly by past experiences. Selected findings of the survey from students showed that the teaching of composition is generally useful (mean = 3.72). Students found that composition training can enhance their creativity (mean = 3.62). Teachers can effectively comment on student works (mean = 3.81). However, teachers seldom encourage group composition activities (mean = 2.30) and without much opportunity to perform (mean = 2.88) or play the audio realisation of student compositions (mean = 3.13) during the class. Students agree that music software is essential to facilitate their creative process (mean = 3.30). The second part of this study aims to provide solutions for teachers teaching composition using a mobile technology application and examine the feasibility of using GarageBand as a tool to teach music composition. The patented Grid Notation developed by PI provides a user-friendly experience in notating musical idea with the use of GarageBand to both teachers and students. The interview shows that students found that the application of GarageBand provides instant playback and easy manipulation facilitate the creative process, especially in the stages of incubation and verification. The simple interface with scale function enables students to explore various virtual instruments at the very beginning and able to hear the audio realisation in high quality at a later stage. The recording function is essential to students due to the inadequate skills in dictating rhythm and pitch in which the function helps students to reflect and revise their works. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Potential for further development of the research and the proposed course of action: |
The study has already investigated the current situation of teaching and learning of music composition at HKDSE level with a pilot study on the feasibility of using GarageBand, which provided a concrete foundation for further research and development. The potential for further research development would be the investigation of the motivation of learning composition with the use of technology under the HKDSE Music curriculum and the pedagogical development of teaching and learning of composition after eight years of HKDSE Music curriculum implemented. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Layman's Summary of Completion Report: | The project studied the current trend of teaching and learning of music composition at the HKDSE level. The findings showed how the teacher-training affect the teaching and learning of composition, what is the teaching content, and what is the role of technology and resources. The project also examined the feasibility of using GarageBand or Walk Band as a tool to teach music composition at the HKDSE level where semi-structured interview sessions were conducted with school music teachers, HKDSE music part-time tutors and students. A new pedagogy making use of the patented Grid Notation was tested in the pilot school. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Research Output | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Peer-reviewed journal publication(s) arising directly from this research project : (* denotes the corresponding author) |
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| Recognized international conference(s) in which paper(s) related to this research project was/were delivered : |
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| Other impact (e.g. award of patents or prizes, collaboration with other research institutions, technology transfer, etc.): |
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| Realisation of the education plan: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SCREEN ID: SCRRM00542 |